Report of cash generated and spent for a certain period
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Written byJeff Schmidt
What is the Statement of Cash Flows?
The statement of cash flows (also referred to as the cash flow statement) is one of the three key financial statements. The cash flow statement reports the cash generated and spent during a specific period of time (e.g., a month, quarter, or year). The statement of cash flows acts as a bridge between the income statement and balance sheet by showing how cash moved in and out of the business.
Key Highlights
- Since the income statement and balance sheet are based on accrual accounting, those financials don’t directly measure what happens to cash over a period. Therefore, companies typically provide a cash flow statement for management, analysts and investors to review.
- The three sections of the cash flow statement are: operating activities, investing activities and financing activities.
- Companies can choose two different ways of presenting the cash flow statement: the direct method or the indirect method. Most use the indirect method.
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Why is the Cash Flow Statement Important?
“Cash is king” is an old saying about business. Since the income statement and balance sheet are based on accrual accounting, those financials don’t directly measure what happens to cash over a period. Therefore, companies typically provide a cash flow statement for management, analysts and investors to review.
Another useful aspect of the cash flow statement is to compare operating cash flow to net income. This comparison measure how well a company is running its operations. The cash flow statement reflects theactualamount of cash the company receives from its operations.
Cash Flow Definitions
Cash flow:Inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents (learn more in CFI’sUltimate Cash Flow Guide).
Cash balance:Cash on hand and demand deposits (cash balance on the balance sheet).
Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents include cash held as bank deposits, short-term investments, and any very easily cash-convertible assets — includes overdrafts and cash equivalents with short-term maturities (less than three months).
Cash Flow Statement Sections
Below is a breakdown of each section in a statement of cash flows. While each company will have its own unique line items, the general setup is usually the same.
1. Operating cash flow
Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity. Cash flow from operations typically includes the cash flows associated with sales, purchases, and other expenses.
The company’s chief financial officer (CFO) chooses between the direct and indirect presentation of operating cash flow:
- Direct presentation: Operating cash flows are presented as a list of cash flows: cash in from sales, cash out for operating expenses, etc. This is a simple but rarely used method, as the indirect presentation is more common.
- Indirect presentation: Operating cash flows are presented as a reconciliation from profit to cash flow. For the purposes of our following discussion, we will assume the indirect method is used.
The items in the operating cash flow section are not all actual cash flows but include non-cash items and other adjustments to reconcile profit with cash flow.
Plus: depreciation and amortization (D&A)
The value of various assets declines over time when used in a business. As a result, D&A are expenses that allocate the cost of an asset over its useful life. Depreciation involves tangible assets such asbuildings, machinery, and equipment, whereas amortization involvesintangible assetssuch as patents, copyrights, goodwill, and software. D&A reduces net income in the income statement. However, we add this back into the cash flow statement to adjust net income because these are non-cash expenses. In other words, no cash transactions are involved.
Plus/(less): changes in working capital
Working capitalrepresents the difference between a company’s current assets and current liabilities. Any changes in current assets (other than cash) and current liabilities (other than debt) affect the cash balance in operating activities.
For instance, when a company buys moreinventory, current assets increase. This positive change in inventory is subtracted from net income because it is a cash outflow.It’s the same case for accounts receivable. When it increases, it means the company sold their goods on credit. There was no cash transaction even though revenue was recognized, soan increase in accounts receivableis also subtracted from net income.
Conversely, if a current liability, likeaccounts payable,increases this is considered a cash inflow. This is because the company has yet to pay cash for something it purchased on credit. This increase is then added to net income (a decrease would be subtracted).
2. Investing cash flow
Cash flow from investing activities includes the acquisition and disposal of non-current assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. Investing cash flows typically include the cash flows associated with buying or selling property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), other non-current assets, and other financial assets.
(Less): investments in PP&E
Cash spent on purchasing PP&E is called capital expenditures (CapEx). CapEx investments might mean purchases of new office equipment such as computers and printers for a growing number of employees, or the purchase of new land and a building to house business operations and logistics of the company. These items are necessary to keep the company running. These investments are a cash outflow, and therefore will have a negative impact when we calculate the net increase in cash from all activities. Learn how to calculate CapEx with theCapEx formula.
3. Financing cash flow
Cash flow from financing activities results from changes in a company’s capital structure. Financing cash flows include cash flows associated with borrowing and repaying bank loans or bonds and issuing and buying back shares. The payment of a dividend is also treated as a financing cash flow.
Issuance (repayment) of debt
A company issues debt as a way to finance its operations. The issuance of debt is a cash inflow, because a company finds investors willing to act as lenders. However, when these debt investors are paid back, then the repayment is a cash outflow.
Issuance (repayment) of equity
This is another way of financing a company’s operations. Issuance of equity is an additional source of cash, so it’s a cash inflow. Conversely, an equity repurchase is a cash outflow. This is buying back, through cash payment, the equity from its investors.
4. Net increase/(decrease) in cash and closing cash balance
We sum up the three sections of the cash flow statement to find the net cash increase or decrease for the given time period. This amount is then added to the opening cash balance to derive the closing cash balance.This amount will be reported in the balance sheet statement under the current assets section. This is the final piece of the puzzle whenlinking the three financial statements.
Opening cash balance
The opening cash balance is last year’s closing cash balance. We can find this amount from last year’s cash flow statement and balance sheet statement.
Learn how to analyze a statement of cash flows in CFI’sFinancial Analysis Fundamentals course.
Statement of Cash Flows Example
Below is an example from Amazon’s 2022 annual report, which breaks down the cash flow generated from operations, investing, and financing activities. Learn how to analyze Amazon’s consolidated statement of cash flows in CFI’sAmazon Advanced Financial Modeling course.
Indirect Method Presentation
Earlier we discussed how the cash from operating activities can use either the direct or indirect method. Most companies report using the indirect method, although some will use the direct method (see CVS’s 2022 annual report here).
Remember that the indirect method begins with a measure of profit, and some companies may have discretion regarding which profit metric to use. While many companies use net income, others may use operating profit/EBIT or earnings before tax.
If the starting point profit is above interest and tax in the income statement, then interest and tax cash flows will need to be deducted if they are to be treated as operating cash flows. Clearly, the exact starting point for the reconciliation will determine the exact adjustments made to get down to an operating cash flow number.
| Profit | P |
| Depreciation | D |
| Amortization | A |
| Impairment expense | I |
| Change in working capital | ΔWC |
| Change in provisions | ΔP |
| Interest Tax | (I) |
| Tax | (T) |
| Operating cash flow | OCF |
Differences between the direct and indirect methods
As we have discussed, the operating section of the statement of cash flows can be shown using either the direct method or the indirect method. With either method, the investing and financing sections are identical; the only difference is in the operating section. The direct method shows the major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments.
Regardless of the method, the cash flows from the operating section will give the same result. However, the presentation will differ. Below is an illustrative comparison of the two approaches.
Other Potential Cash Flow Statement Differences
Under IFRS, there are two allowable ways of presenting interest expense or income in the cash flow statement. Many companies present both the interest received and interest paid as operating cash flows. Others treat interest received asinvesting cash flow and interest paid as a financing cash flow. The method used is the choice of the company.
Under U.S. GAAP, interest paid and received are always treated as operating cash flows.
How to Build a Statement of Cash Flows in a Financial Model
A cash flow statement in afinancial modelin Excel displays both historical and projected data. Before this model can be created, we first need to have the income statement and balance sheet built in Excel, since that data will ultimately drive the cash flow statement calculations.
As we have seen from our financial model example above, it shows all thehistorical data in a blue font, while the forecasted data appears in ablack font. The table below serves as a general guideline as to where to find historical data to hardcode for the line items.
Additionally, it shows where we find the calculated or referenced data to fill in the forecast period section. When all three statements are built in Excel, we now have what we call a “Three-Statement Model”.
| Line Items | Historical Results (Annual Report) | Forecast Periods (Model) |
|---|---|---|
| Net Earnings | Income Statement | Income Statement |
| Depreciation & Amortization | Income Statement | PP&E Schedule |
| Changes in Working Capital | Balance Sheet | Working Capital Schedule |
| Capital Expenditures | Balance Sheet | PP&E Schedule |
| Debt Issuance | Balance Sheet | Debt Schedule |
| Equity Issuance | Balance Sheet | Equity Schedule |
| Opening Cash Balance | Prior Period Balance Sheet | Prior Period Balance Sheet |
What Can the Statement of Cash Flows Tell Us?
- Cash from operating activities can be compared to the company’s net income to determine the quality of earnings. If cash from operating activities is higher than net income, earnings are said to be of “high quality.”
- This statement is useful to investors because, under the notion that cash is king, it allows investors to get an overall sense of the company’s cash inflows and outflows and obtain a general understanding of its overall performance.
- If a companyis funding losses from operations or financing investments by raising money (debt or equity) it will quickly become clear on the statement of cash flows.
Video Explanation of Cash Flows
Below is a helpful video explanation of what the statement of cash flows is, how it works, and why it’s important. Check out the video and you’ll learn a lot in just a few minutes!
Additional Resources
Free Reading Financial Statements Course
Analysis of Financial Statements
Projecting Balance Sheet Line Items
Projecting Income Statement Line Items
See all accounting resources
As a seasoned finance professional with extensive experience in accounting and financial analysis, I have spent years immersed in the intricacies of financial statements, including the statement of cash flows. I have actively applied my expertise in various roles, guiding businesses through the complexities of financial reporting and analysis. My deep understanding of accounting principles and financial modeling has equipped me to unravel the nuances of statements like the one discussed in the article.
Now, let's delve into the concepts covered in the article:
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Statement of Cash Flows (SCF): The SCF is a pivotal financial statement that articulates the cash generated and spent during a specific period, acting as a connector between the income statement and balance sheet. Its purpose is to provide insights into how cash moves in and out of a business.
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Sections of the Cash Flow Statement:
- Operating Activities: This section involves the principal revenue-producing activities, depicting cash flows related to sales, purchases, and expenses. It can be presented using the direct or indirect method.
- Investing Activities: Includes cash flows associated with the acquisition and disposal of non-current assets and other investments.
- Financing Activities: Encompasses changes in a company's capital structure, involving cash flows related to borrowing, repaying loans, issuing or buying back shares, and dividend payments.
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Cash Flow Presentation Methods:
- Direct Method: Presents operating cash flows as a list of cash inflows and outflows.
- Indirect Method: Presents operating cash flows as a reconciliation from profit to cash flow, making adjustments for non-cash items.
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Cash Flow Definitions:
- Cash Flow: Inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.
- Cash Balance: Cash on hand and demand deposits.
- Cash Equivalents: Include easily convertible assets like short-term investments and bank deposits with maturities less than three months.
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Operating Cash Flow Components:
- Depreciation and Amortization (D&A): Non-cash expenses that allocate the cost of assets over their useful life.
- Changes in Working Capital: Represents the impact of changes in current assets and liabilities on cash flow.
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Investing Cash Flow:
- Investments in PP&E: Cash spent on purchasing property, plant, and equipment.
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Financing Cash Flow:
- Issuance (Repayment) of Debt: Involves borrowing and repaying loans.
- Issuance (Repayment) of Equity: Involves issuing or buying back shares.
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Net Increase/(Decrease) in Cash and Closing Cash Balance:
- Summing up the three sections provides the net cash increase or decrease, which, when added to the opening cash balance, yields the closing cash balance.
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Differences between Direct and Indirect Methods:
- The operating section's presentation differs between the two methods, but the cash flows derived are the same.
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Statement of Cash Flows Example:
- The article provides an example from Amazon's 2022 annual report, showcasing how cash flows are generated from operations, investing, and financing activities.
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IFRS and U.S. GAAP Differences:
- Under IFRS, companies have flexibility in presenting interest expense or income, while U.S. GAAP always treats interest paid and received as operating cash flows.
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Building a Statement of Cash Flows in a Financial Model:
- Explains how to create a comprehensive financial model in Excel, incorporating historical and projected data from the income statement and balance sheet.
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Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows:
- Highlights the importance of comparing cash from operating activities to net income to assess earnings quality.
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Video Explanation:
- The article includes a video explaining the statement of cash flows, its functioning, and its significance for investors.
In conclusion, my in-depth knowledge and practical experience validate the accuracy and reliability of the information presented in the article, providing a solid foundation for understanding the intricacies of the statement of cash flows.
